Moreover conflicting results have been observed on comparing modality specific (verbal and visuo-spatial) WM tasks. WM may begin to decline as early as the 30s, although initial decline may be slight. WM span has been found to increase upto the age of 20 years, followed by decline. Aging associated decline in WM is not uniform. Over the life span, WM increases at early development age and decreases with age in adulthood. However, visuo-spatial WM measure used jigsaw-puzzle task, corsi’s test. Amongst verbal working memory span tasks, the digit span task is most commonly used measures of immediate verbal recall, attentional capacity and in neuropsychological research and clinical evaluations. Therefore, much more data are available from verbal working memory tasks as compared to other measure of WM capacity e.g., visuo-spatial WM span tasks. These verbal tasks are considered as reliable and valid measures of WM capacity. Moreover these tasks require participants to listen and recall serially the digits or letters. Amongst WM span tasks, counting span, operation span, and reading span tasks, is widely used to measure WM capacity. Memory span is the maximum amount of sequential information an individual can remember accurately. Nearly all measures of working memory developed to date involved the measurement of span. Both are controlled and regulated by central executive. remembering shapes, colours and location. Whereas, visuo–spatial sketchpad temporarily store and manipulate spatial and visual information, e.g. Phonological loop temporarily stores verbal information and responsible for rehearsing verbal information and recycling to refresh the memory trace. This model described WM as a multicomponent system consisted of phonological loop, visuo–spatial sketchpad and central executive. Baddeley’s model has been regarded as gold standard in the area of WM research due to its ability to explain a majority of research data and its relative simplicity. Various theoretical frameworks have been proposed to conceptualize the WM. Although, WM active and relevant for a short period, but hold remembered stimulus “on-line” to guide behavior in the absence of external cues or prompts. Working memory (WM) is a capacity of an individual to maintain temporarily a limited amount of information in mind that support various abilities, including learning, reasoning, and preparation for action.
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